Bite registration material
Bite registration material
Bite registration is an extremely important step in the fabrication of diagnostic models, restorations, bite-raising appliances, orthodontic appliances etc. It is used for precise, clear indexing of the three-dimensional alignment of maxilla and mandible in the required relationship.
In addition to increasingly popular, yet technically still very costly primary digital (virtual) procedures, analogue registration methods are still mainly used today. Reversible thermoplastic (wax, resin, gutta percha), chemically-curing (ZnO, acrylics) and irreversible elastic (e.g. PVS = polyvinyl siloxane) bite registration materials are generally available for analogue registrations. These are applied either directly on natural or prosthetic opposing teeth or used for the fixation/indexing of custom-fabricated bite blocks, in full and partial denture prosthetics, for example in the form of an acrylic base (previously also shellac) with wax bite rims attached or as a connection between the upper and lower plates (acrylic, metal) in Gothic arch registration.
Zink oxide bite registration material
Silicone bite registration (check)
Addition-curing silicone bite registration materials (A-silicones), which are closely related to impression materials, offer the advantages of flowability (low bite resistance, avoids bite displacement) and positional stability (no uncontrolled flow) due to thixotropy, detailed representation (crisp details), dimensional stability (withdrawal from undercuts), thermal stability, good processability (grinding and/or trimming) and insensitivity to moisture or mechanical stress (compressive, tensile) after curing. Colour, transparency or opacity, setting time and final hardness (Shore A to Shore D), and scannability can be modified to a wide extent, depending on the area of application. They are used mainly as two-component bite registration materials (base + catalyst/activator) in standardised cartridges, which are mixed and applied using mixing guns and mixing tips.
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Word of the day
| English | German |
|---|---|
| dentine-like | dentinähnlich |
Focus text of the month
Fixed restorations are a part of prosthetics. In particular crowns (though they often do not replace a tooth but only supplement the lost tooth structure of an existing tooth) and bridges as well as bar… Fixed restorations are a part of prosthetics. In particular crowns (though they often do not replace a tooth but only supplement the lost tooth structure of an existing tooth) and bridges as well as bar restorations are described as fixed restorations. Implants replace "fixed" tooth roots in the bone but are not defined as fixed restorations. In contrast to removable restorations, fixed restorations are rigidly bonded to teeth or implant abutments using adhesive retention or cementation. Restorations, which are fixed for the patient (e.g. by screw-retention or temporary cementation) but are designed to be removable by the dentist, are called "operator-removable". If restorations, which are removable for the patient, are retained on fixed crowns they are called fixed-removable restorations. A minimum of four periodontally healthy abutments in a favourable alignment (quadrangular) is essential for ensuring stable, statically balanced support per jaw for purely fixed restorations. However, for purely implant-borne fixed restorations in particular, a minimum of six abutments is required in the mandible and even eight abutments in the maxilla due to the lower bone quality. An increase in the number of abutments (e.g. using implants) and also a combination using removable (tissue-borne) restorations can help relieve the natural residual teeth.
Features of fixed restorations are periodontal support on abutments, a rigid, immovable connection with the abutment and the subjective sensation of patients of wearing "their own teeth". Care and repair are more difficult compared with removable versions and extending the restoration is generally impossible – especially in the case of (primary) connections with adjacent single crowns for increasing the stability. This is why the previously generally accepted superiority of fixed restorations should be qualified according to each individual case. A fixed restoration is not only impossible in edentulous cases but also with implants if, as a result of massive bone resorption, the distance between the alveolar ridge level and occlusal plane is too large, which would lead to an excessively forceful leverage effect. Fixed restorations can be fabricated provisionally (temporary; generally using acrylic and rarely from metal or ceramic), e.g. for testing a new occlusal relationship or for bridging the time required for fabrication of the permanent restoration or other treatment. Individual components of fixed restorations can be prefabricated (e.g. attachments, other connectors or implant abutments); these can remain unchanged or they can be customised. Final (permanent) fixed restorations are fabricated either from a single material, combinations of materials or by joining different materials using very different procedures, e.g. casting, milling, soldering, welding, grinding, sintering (CAD-CAM), pressing or electroforming. Temporary luting (short, medium or long-term) can be used for trying in fixed restorations. |
Pontic 42, labial view of single-winged bridge
Pontic 42, clinical view of single-winged bridge