Bite registration material
Bite registration material
Bite registration is an extremely important step in the fabrication of diagnostic models, restorations, bite-raising appliances, orthodontic appliances etc. It is used for precise, clear indexing of the three-dimensional alignment of maxilla and mandible in the required relationship.
Bite registration material
In addition to increasingly popular, yet technically still very costly primary digital (virtual) procedures, analogue registration methods are still mainly used today. Reversible thermoplastic (wax, resin, gutta percha), chemically-curing (ZnO, acrylics) and irreversible elastic (e.g. PVS = polyvinyl siloxane) bite registration materials are generally available for analogue registrations. These are applied either directly on natural or prosthetic opposing teeth or used for the fixation/indexing of custom-fabricated bite blocks, in full and partial denture prosthetics, for example in the form of an acrylic base (previously also shellac) with wax bite rims attached or as a connection between the upper and lower plates (acrylic, metal) in Gothic arch registration.
Zink oxide bite registration material
Silicone bite registration (check)
Addition-curing silicone bite registration materials (A-silicones), which are closely related to impression materials, offer the advantages of flowability (low bite resistance, avoids bite displacement) and positional stability (no uncontrolled flow) due to thixotropy, detailed representation (crisp details), dimensional stability (withdrawal from undercuts), thermal stability, good processability (grinding and/or trimming) and insensitivity to moisture or mechanical stress (compressive, tensile) after curing. Colour, transparency or opacity, setting time and final hardness (Shore A to Shore D), and scannability can be modified to a wide extent, depending on the area of application. They are used mainly as two-component bite registration materials (base + catalyst/activator) in standardised cartridges, which are mixed and applied using mixing guns and mixing tips.
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| English | German |
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Focus text of the month
Orthodontics Orthodontics targets the desired alignment of teeth, dental arches and jaws in relation to one another and other anatomical structures according to aesthetic and functional… Orthodontics Orthodontics targets the desired alignment of teeth, dental arches and jaws in relation to one another and other anatomical structures according to aesthetic and functional concepts. All types of dysgnathia can be corrected, these include malocclusion of individual teeth (rotation, tipping, retention, elongation, malposition), malalignment of teeth in the dental arch (overcrowding, overlapping, diastemas), but also incorrect positioning of the maxilla and mandible to one another (occlusal anomalies). Prophylaxis Thumb-sucking and other habits are controlled or stopped and (also in interdisciplinary collaboration with other specialist disciplines such as logopaedics) swallowing or speech techniques are trained for example as prevention against malocclusion. Deciduous teeth should be preserved, if possible, or the spaces kept open (space maintainer) after loss of the deciduous teeth. Conversely, prophylactic extraction of teeth can also be practical. Planning and documentation In addition to clinical examination of the patient, mainly dental models and X-rays (orthopantomogram, OPM, OPG and lateral cephalometric radiograph LCR) are used in orthodontics for treatment planning and documentation of progress. Measurement in relation to reference points and lines are especially important for assessment. Timing and duration of orthodontic treatment In case of congenital anomalies, for example a lip-jaw-palate cleft, orthodontic treatment begins immediately after birth. With certain, highly pronounced and/or prognostically unfavourable malpositions early orthodontic treatments are indicated from age six onwards after eruption of the permanent incisors and first molars. The majority of treatments are performed during the juvenile growth phase before maximum puberty in the late mixed dentition between age nine and twelve. Corrections are also possible, however, with adult patients at any age, providing an alternative to other forms of dental treatments (e.g. dental restorations). The duration of treatment is measured in a minimum of months but generally a number of years may be required. To achieve planned treatment outcomes and prevent relapses retainers are fitted up to age 25 or 30 and sometimes also lifelong. Forces and anchorage Teeth are moved selectively by different types of biomechechanical forces (rotation, translation), which may be of natural (growth, movements, particularly in functional orthodontics, FO) or artificial origin. Mechanical appliances are often used as artificial sources of forces, e.g. resilient wires, compression and tension springs, elastics, expansion screws or plastic foils. In the balance between force and opposing force (actio = reactio) anchorage is always required, the stability of which must either be sufficiently predominant to remain practically unchanged or predictably moved in the opposite direction to the object of the movement. Other teeth or other groups of teeth can be used as anchorage as can alveolar bone or mini-implants inserted in the bone, as well as segments of the bony cranium (chin, forehead, back of the head). Forces in orthodontics must always be measured, so as to effect the required movement of teeth but without causing undesired side effects (e.g. resorption of the root cementum).
Appliances Both fixed (e.g. brackets, bands, attachments, archwires) and removable appliances (e.g. activators and plates) are used in orthodontics. A differentiation is also made between extraoral (e.g. orthodontic facebows) and intraoral appliances. The latter can involve one or both jaws (bimaxillary appliances). Aesthetic orthodontics uses appliances that are as inconspicuous as possible, e.g. tooth-coloured archwires and brackets, transparent foils or lingual technique.
Surgery Orthodontically indicated extraction of permanent teeth may also be required (extraction therapy) to remedy or prevent overcrowding. Serious malocclusions and anomalies of the jaw are also treated using orthodontic surgery, such as retention of permanent teeth using combined surgical-orthodontic procedures. |
Upper and lower retentive bows (OPG)
Brackets, molar band, ligatures (X-ray)
Ceramic bracket with hook (© 3M)
Self-ligating bracket (© FORESTADENT)